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knowledge and power

  • 1 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

  • 2 knowledge

    noun, no pl.
    1) (familiarity) Kenntnisse (of in + Dat.)

    knowledge of human nature — Menschenkenntnis, die

    2) (awareness) Wissen, das

    have no knowledge of something — nichts von etwas wissen; keine Kenntnis von etwas haben (geh.)

    she had no knowledge of it — sie wusste nichts davon; sie war völlig ahnungslos

    [not] to my etc. knowledge — meines usw. Wissens [nicht]

    [a] knowledge of languages/French — Sprach-/Französischkenntnisse Pl.

    somebody with [a] knowledge of computers — jemand, der sich mit Computern auskennt

    4) no art. (what is known) Wissen, das
    * * *
    ['noli‹]
    1) (the fact of knowing: She was greatly encouraged by the knowledge that she had won first prize in the competition.) das Wissen
    2) (information or what is known: He had a vast amount of knowledge about boats.) die Kenntnis
    3) (the whole of what can be learned or found out: Science is a branch of knowledge about which I am rather ignorant.) die Wissenschaft
    •
    - academic.ru/41141/knowledgeable">knowledgeable
    - general knowledge
    * * *
    knowl·edge
    [ˈnɒlɪʤ, AM ˈnɑ:l-]
    1. (body of learning) Kenntnisse pl (of in + dat)
    she has a good working \knowledge of Apple software sie besitzt nützliche, praktische Fähigkeiten im Umgang mit Apple Software
    \knowledge of French Französischkenntnisse pl
    limited \knowledge begrenztes Wissen
    to have [no/some] \knowledge of sth [keine/gewisse] Kenntnisse über etw akk besitzen
    to have a thorough \knowledge of sth ein fundiertes Wissen in etw dat besitzen
    2. (acquired information) Wissen nt, Kenntnis f
    I have absolutely no \knowledge about his private life ich weiß nicht das Geringste über sein Privatleben
    to my \knowledge soweit ich weiß, meines Wissens geh
    to be common \knowledge allgemein bekannt sein
    3. (awareness) Wissen nt
    to deny all \knowledge [of sth] jegliche Kenntnis [über etw akk] abstreiten
    to be safe in the \knowledge that... mit Bestimmtheit wissen, dass...
    it has been brought to our \knowledge that... wir haben davon Kenntnis erhalten, dass...
    ▪ to do sth without sb's \knowledge etw ohne jds gen Wissen tun
    carnal \knowledge Geschlechtsverkehr m
    to have carnal \knowledge of sb mit jdm Geschlechtsverkehr haben form
    * * *
    ['nɒlɪdZ]
    n
    1) (= understanding, awareness) Wissen nt, Kenntnis f

    to have knowledge of — Kenntnis haben or besitzen von, wissen von

    to have no knowledge of — keine Kenntnis haben von, nichts wissen von

    to (the best of) my knowledge — soviel ich weiß, meines Wissens

    not to my knowledge — nicht, dass ich wüsste

    without the knowledge of her mother — ohne Wissen ihrer Mutter, ohne dass ihre Mutter es weiß

    it has come to my knowledge that... — ich habe erfahren, dass...

    safe in the knowledge that... — in der Gewissheit, dass...

    2) (= learning, facts learned) Kenntnisse pl, Wissen nt

    my knowledge of D.H. Lawrence — was ich von D. H. Lawrence kenne

    I have a thorough knowledge of this subject — auf diesem Gebiet weiß ich gründlich Bescheid or besitze ich umfassende Kenntnisse

    the police have no knowledge of him/his activities — die Polizei weiß nichts über ihn/seine Aktivitäten

    * * *
    knowledge [ˈnɒlıdʒ; US ˈnɑ-] s
    1. Kenntnis f:
    the knowledge of the victory die Kunde vom Sieg;
    bring sth to sb’s knowledge jemandem etwas zur Kenntnis bringen, jemanden von etwas in Kenntnis setzen;
    it has come to my knowledge es ist mir zur Kenntnis gelangt, ich habe erfahren ( beide:
    that dass);
    have knowledge of Kenntnis haben von;
    from personal ( oder one’s own) knowledge aus eigener Kenntnis;
    (not) to my knowledge meines Wissens (nicht);
    to the best of one’s knowledge and belief JUR nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen;
    my knowledge of Mr X meine Bekanntschaft mit Mr. X;
    with the full knowledge of mit vollem Wissen von (od gen);
    without my knowledge ohne mein Wissen;
    knowledge of life Lebenserfahrung f; → carnal, common A 5, tree A 1
    2. Wissen n, Kenntnisse pl ( beide:
    of, in in dat):
    basic knowledge Grundwissen, -kenntnisse;
    knowledge of the law Rechtskenntnisse;
    have a good knowledge of viel verstehen von, sich gut auskennen in (dat), gute Kenntnisse haben in (dat);
    * * *
    noun, no pl.
    1) (familiarity) Kenntnisse (of in + Dat.)

    knowledge of human nature — Menschenkenntnis, die

    2) (awareness) Wissen, das

    have no knowledge of something — nichts von etwas wissen; keine Kenntnis von etwas haben (geh.)

    she had no knowledge of it — sie wusste nichts davon; sie war völlig ahnungslos

    [not] to my etc. knowledge — meines usw. Wissens [nicht]

    [a] knowledge of languages/French — Sprach-/Französischkenntnisse Pl.

    somebody with [a] knowledge of computers — jemand, der sich mit Computern auskennt

    4) no art. (what is known) Wissen, das
    * * *
    n.
    Erkenntnis f.
    Kenntnis -se f.
    Wissen n.

    English-german dictionary > knowledge

  • 3 KNOWLEDGE

    • Increase your knowledge and increase your grief - Чем больше знаешь, тем больше сомневаешься (4)
    • He who has knowledge has force - Знание - сила (3)
    • If you want knowledge, you must toil for it - Без муки нет науки (Б)
    • Investment in knowledge pays the best interest (An) - Знание лучше богатства (3)
    • Knowledge has bitter roots but sweet fruits - Без муки нет науки (Б)
    • Knowledge is better than riches - Знание лучше богатства (3)
    • Knowledge is no burden - Знания на плечи не давят (3)
    • Knowledge is power - Знание - сила (3)
    • Knowledge is the treasure of the mind - Знание лучше богатства (3)
    • Lamp of knowledge burns brightly (The) - Ученье - свет, а неученье - тьма (У)
    • Too much knowledge makes the head bold - Много будешь знать, скоро состаришься (M)
    • Weight of knowledge is never measured (The) - Знания на плечи не давят (3)

    Русско-английский словарь пословиц и поговорок > KNOWLEDGE

  • 4 power

    ['pauə]
    n
    1) сила, власть, могущество

    It is in their power to help us. — В их силах помочь нам.

    - take the power in one's hands
    - hold the power in one's hands
    - come to power
    - be in power
    - do all in one's power
    2) держава, власть

    They seized power over several provinces. — Они захватили власть в нескольких провинциях.

    The president has the power to dissolve parliament. — Президент имеет право распустить парламент.

    - supreme power - government in power
    - party in power
    - assume power
    - take power
    - exercise power
    - transfer power
    3) сила, мощность, энергия
    - hydroelectric power
    - mechanical powers
    - power of water     - without power
    - knowledge is power
    •
    ASSOCIATIONS AND IMAGERY:
    Значение power и сочетания have pover создает образ чьего-либо высокого положения. Это значение также ассоциируется с наличием контроля или власти, что явно проявляется в следующих иллюстрациях: How many people are there above you? Сколько человек стоит над вами? Don't let them walk all over you. Не разрешай им командовать тобой. She is completely under his thumb. Она полностью в его власти. /Она у него под каблуком. They have a bolt over him. У них есть возможность влиять на него. /Они могут оказывать на него давление. I've got the cituation well in hand. Я держу ситуацию под контролем. She ruled over the impere for many years. Она правила империей много лет. He remained at the top for ten years, after his resignation. Он сохранял влияние еще лет десять после отставки. They have come out on top yet again. Они опять пришли к власти. /Они опять взяли верх. /Они опять вспылили. She holds the hightest position in the company. Она занимает высшую должность в компании. The children are completely out of hand. Дети совсем отбились от рук. I have no idea who is in the driving seat. Понятия не имею, кто всем управляет. /кто задает тон/кто рулит. She kept her staff on a tight rein. Она держит весь штат в руках/на коротком поводке/в ежовых рукавицах
    CHOICE OF WORDS:
    Русские существительные сила, мощь соответствуют английским power, force и strength. Существительное power 1. обозначает: сила, власть; возможность контролировать, направлять и влиять на действия других людей. Слово power может относиться как к одушевленным, так и неодушевленным предметам: the power of water (wind) сила воды (ветра); to lose the power of speech потерять дар речи; to do everything in one's power сделать все, что в чьих-либо силах; emergency power чрезвычайные полномочия; the power of veto право вето; to give smb much power дать кому-либо большие права. Существительное strength обозначает в первую очередь физическую силу, мощь, энергию и относится как к одушевленным, так и неодушевленным предметам: the strength of an army мощь/сила армии; a man of great strength человек большой физической силы; with all one's strength изо всех сил. Слово force соответствует русским "сила", "насилие" и обозначает проявление, использование большой силы: the force of a blow сила удара; the force of an argument сила довода/аргумента. Английское сочетание by force соответствует русскому силой, в силу: the door was opened by force дверь вскрыли силой; by force of habit в силу привычки; to resort to force прибегать к силе/насилию.

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > power

  • 5 ἐξουσία

    ἐξουσία, ας, ἡ (Soph., Thu.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 30, 1; Mel., P. 104, 810 [Bodm.]) from ἔξεστιν.
    ① a state of control over someth., freedom of choice, right (e.g., the ‘right’ to act, decide, or dispose of one’s property as one wishes: BGU 1158, 13 [9 B.C.] = Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 234, 13 legal t.t., esp. in wills: POxy 272, 13; BGU 183, 25 ἔχειν αὐτὴν τὴν ἐ. τῶν ἰδίων πάντων; PTebt 319, 21.—Sir 30:11) ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν have the right 2 Th 3:9 (Just., D 16, 4). W. inf. foll. (Teles p. 23, 14; 24, 11; Tob 2:13 S; 7:10 S) J 10:18; 1 Cor 9:4ff; Hb 13:10; Rv 13:5; B 4:2. W. obj. gen. foll. (τίς οὖν ἔτι ἔχει μου ἐξουσίαν; Epict. 3, 24, 70; διδόναι ἐξουσίαν τῶν πετεινῶν Did., Gen. 61, 24) εἰ ἄλλοι τῆς ὑμῶν ἐ. μετέχουσι 1 Cor 9:12. Also ἐ. ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς the right to the tree of life Rv 22:14. W. verbs of two constr. ἔχει ἐ. ὁ κεραμεὺς τοῦ πηλοῦ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ φυράματος the potter has a right over the clay, to make fr. the same lump Ro 9:21. ἐ. ἔχειν περί τινος (4 Macc 4:5) be at liberty w. regard to a thing (opp. ἀνάγκην ἔχειν) 1 Cor 7:37; cp. 8:9; ἐ. ἐν τ. εὐαγγελίῳ a right in the gospel 9:18. ἐν τῇ σῇ ἐ. ὑπῆρχεν was at your disposal Ac 5:4 (Esth 4:17b; Appian, Liby. 52 §226 ἐν ἐ. εἶναι τί τινι=someth. is at someone’s disposal, is within one’s power).
    ② potential or resource to command, control, or govern, capability, might, power (on capacity for someth. cp. Did., Gen. 162, 5: ἡ προσαιρέσεως ἐξουσία; cp. 1 Esdr 4:28, 40; 2 Macc 7:16 the king can do what he pleases because he has the capability for doing so) ἡ ἐ. τ. ἵππων ἐν τ. στόματι αὐτῶν ἐστιν Rv 9:19; cp. vs. 3; 13:2, 4; 18:1; Mt 9:8; Ac 8:19. W. inf. foll. to indicate the thing that one is able to do (En 25:4 ἅψασθαι; Diod S 4, 52, 4 ἀμύνασθαι εἶχεν ἐξουσίαν; Mel., P. 104 πάντα κρίνει); ἐκβάλλειν τ. δαιμόνια [b]Mk 3:15. ἐμβαλεῖν εἰς τ. γέενναν Lk 12:5; cp. J 1:12; 7:1 v.l.; Rv 9:10; 11:6. W. gen. of the inf. foll. τοῦ πατεῖν ἐπάνω ὄφεων Lk 10:19; ποιεῖν ἐ. exercise power Rv 13:12. ἐ. ἔχειν τινός have power over someone (Epict. 4, 12, 8) GPt 3:7; ἑαυτοῦ IPol 7:3; also ἐ. ἔχειν ἐπί τινος Rv 20:6; cp. AcPl Ha 1, 3. Esp. of God’s power (Theodor. Prodr. 5, 313 ἡ θεῶν ἐ.; Da 4:17; Jos., Ant. 5, 109; 18, 214) Lk 12:5 (cp. 2 Cl 5:4); Ac 1:7; Jd 25; Hs 9, 23, 4. πάντων τ. ἐξουσίαν power over all Hm 4, 1, 11; Hs 9, 28, 8. πᾶσα ἡ ἐ. 5, 7, 3 (En 9:5). τὴν κατὰ πάντων ἐ. MPol. 2:1. τέλους ἐ. power over the end PtK 2 p. 13, 22. ἐ. ἐπὶ τ. πληγάς control over the plagues Rv 16:9. Also of Satan’s power Ac 26:18; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.; B 2:1.—The power that comes fr. God can involve transcendent knowledge, and both may be expressed by ἐ. (Herm. Wr. 1, 13; 14; 32). So his hearers conclude fr. Jesus’ teaching that he must have ἐ. (i.e. it is not necessary for him to first ask what the traditional practice or interpretation requires) Mk 1:22 (‘license’ of a Jewish teacher L-S-J-M Suppl., ’68; against this AArgyle, ET 80, ’68/69, 343); cp. Mt 7:29 (Rtzst., Poim. 48, 3, Mysterienrel.3 302; 363; JStarr, HTR 23, 1930, 302–5; HWindisch, Pls. u. Christus ’34, 151ff; DDaube, JTS 39, ’38, 45–59; HFlowers, ET 66, ’55, 254 [‘like a king’]; DHudson, ET 67, ’55/56, 17; JCoutts, JTS 8, ’57, 111–18 [Jesus and the 12]). The prep. expr. κατʼ ἐξουσίαν in accordance w. knowledge and power Mk 1:27 and ἐν ἐ. Lk 4:32 belong to this classification; cp. 4:36. The close relation of ἐ. w. ‘gnosis’ and teaching also B 18:1.—But it is not always possible to draw a hard and fast line betw. this sense and
    ③ the right to control or command, authority, absolute power, warrant (Sextus 36: the πιστός has ἐ. fr. God) ἐ. καὶ ἐπιτροπή (cp. Ps.-Pla., Defin. p. 415c ἐξουσία, ἐπιτροπὴ νόμου) authority and commission Ac 26:12. ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς; by whose authority are you doing this? Mt 21:23, 24, 27; Mk 11:28, 29, 33; Lk 20:2, 8. ἐ. διδόναι τινί put someone in charge (Diod S 13, 36, 2; 14, 81, 6; cp. Vi. Aesopi G 11 p. 39, 6 P.; En 9:7; TestJob 3:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 90; 20, 193) Mk 13:34; PtK 2 p. 14, 13. οἷς ἔδωκεν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τὴν ἐ. to whom he gave rights over the Gospel (for its proclamation) B 8:3. ὅτι τὸ ἄρχειν ἐξουσίας ἐστίν that ruling depends on authority 6:18. Of apostolic authority 2 Cor 10:8; 13:10; ISm 4:1. Of Jesus’ total authority Mt 28:18 (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 32; Da 7:14; DStanley, CBQ 29, ’67, 555–73); Hs 5, 6, 1. W. gen. of the one who has authority ἐ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ Rv 12:10 (Just., A I, 40, 7). W. gen. of that over which the authority is exercised (Diod S 2, 27, 3; IDefixWünsch 4, 21; Ps 135:8, 9; Wsd 10:14; Sir 17:2; Jos., Vi. 190) ἐ. πνευμάτων ἀκαθάρτων over the unclean spirits Mt 10:1; Mk 6:7; cp. J 17:2; Hm 4, 3, 5; PtK 2 p. 14, 13; 1 Cl 61:2; ISm 4:1; τούτου τοῦ λαοῦ Hs 8, 3, 3. Also ἐπί w. acc. (cp. Sir 33:20) Lk 9:1; cp. Rv 6:8; 13:7. Likew. ἐπί w. gen. (cp. Da 3:97) Rv 2:26; 11:6b; 14:18. παρά τινος (also ἀπό τινος Orig., C. Cels. 2, 13, 56) indicates the source of the authority (s. παρά A3b) Ac 9:14; 26:10; Hs 5, 6, 4 (restored from the Lat.; ἐ. λαμβάνειν as Diod S 11, 42, 6; TestJob 8:2f; 16:4; Vi. Aesopi G 11 p. 39, 4 P.) and κατά τινος the one against whom it is directed (TestJob 16:2 κατʼ ἐμοῦ; 8:2 κατὰ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων μου ‘over my possessions’; Sb 8316, 6f κύριε Σάραπι δὸς αὐτῷ κατεξουσίαν κατὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν αὐτοῦ; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 43, 25) J 19:11 (HvCampenhausen, TLZ 73, ’48, 387–92); B 4:13. W. pres. inf. foll. (cp. X., Mem. 2, 6, 24 and 35; Diod S 12, 75, 4; 1 Macc 10:35; 11:58; Jos., Ant. 4, 247) Mt 9:6; Mk 2:10; Lk 5:24; J 5:27. W. aor. inf. foll. (Jdth 8:15; 1 Esdr 8:22; 1 Macc 1:13) 19:10. Foll. by gen. of the pres. inf. (4 Macc 5:15) Hm 12, 4, 2.—RDillon, ‘As One Having Authority’ (Mark 1:22): CBQ 57, ’95, 92–113.
    ④ power exercised by rulers or others in high position by virtue of their office, ruling power, official power (Ps.-Pla., Alc. 1, 135b al.; LXX; Jos., Bell. 2, 140, Vi. 80) ἐ. ὡς βασιλεύς Rv 17:12f (Diod S 2, 45, 1 βασιλικὴν ἐ. ἔχειν; 14, 32, 5 ἐ. λαμβάνειν); ἐ. τοῦ ἡγεμόνος Lk 20:20; cp. J 19:10f, s. 3 above. ἐ. ἐπάνω δέκα πόλεων Lk 19:17. ἄνθρωπος ὑπὸ ἐξουσίαν τασσόμενος a man under authority 7:8 (MFrost, ET 45, ’34, 477f); cp. Mt 8:9; Hs 1:3.—The power of a particular office (Diod S 1, 70, 1; 14, 113, 6 ἡ ὑπατικὴ ἐξουσία; Plut., Mar. 406 [2, 1], Caes. 734 [58, 1]) ἐπαρχικὴ ἐ. the power of prefect Phlm subscr.
    ⓐ human authorities, officials, government (Dionys. Hal. 8, 44; 11, 32; POxy 261, 15) Lk 12:11 (here and elsewh. in NT w. ἀρχή, as also in Pla.); Ro 13:1, 2, 3 (with 13:1b cp. the express. ‘ancient saying’ [s. Hes., Theogony 96 ἐκ δὲ Διὸς βασιλῆες. On this HFränkel, Dichtung u. Philos. des frühen Griechentums ’62, 111 n. 6] in Artem. 2, 36 p. 135, 24; 2, 69 p. 161, 17 τὸ κρατοῦν δύναμιν ἔχει θεοῦ=the ruling power has its authority from God; Wsd 6:3; Jos., Bell. 2, 140 οὐ δίχα θεοῦ περιγενέσθαι τινὶ τὸ ἄρχειν … ἐξουσίαν); Tit 3:1. For the view that the ἐ. of Ro 13 are spirit powers, as b below, s. OCullmann, Christ and Time (tr. Filson) ’50, 191–210.—On the subj. in gener. s. LGaugusch, D. Staatslehre d. Ap. Pls nach Ro 13: ThGl 5, ’34, 529–50; JUitman, Onder Eig. Vaandel 15, ’40, 102–21; HvCampenhausen, ABertholet Festschr. ’50, 97–113; OCullmann, Zur neuesten Diskussion über die ἐξουσίαι in Rö 13:1: TZ 10, ’54, 321–36, D. Staat im NT ’612 (Eng. tr.: The State in the NT ’56, 93–114); against him AStrobel, ZNW 47, ’56, 67–93.—GCaird, Princip. and Powers ’56; RMorgenthaler TZ 12, ’56, 289–304; CMorrison, The Powers That Be ’60; EBarnikol, Rö 13. Der nichtpaulinische Ursprung der absoluten Obrigkeitsbejahung v. Rö 13:1–7 ’61, 65–133; HSchlier, Principalities and Powers in the NT ’61 (Eng. tr.); MBorg, NTS 19, ’72/73, 205–18. οἱ ἐπʼ ἐξουσίαν ἀχθέντες those who are brought before the authorities Hs 9, 28, 4.
    ⓑ of transcendent rulers and functionaries: powers of the spirit world (TestLevi 3:8; TestSol 20:15 B), sg. (w. ἀρχή and δύναμις) 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 1:21; Col 2:10. Pl. (w. ἀρχαί as Just., D. 41, 1; cp. Orig., C. Cels. 4, 29, 22) Eph 3:10; 6:12; Col 1:16; 2:15; (w. ἄγγελοι, δυνάμεις) 1 Pt 3:22. Cp. the v.l. for ἄρχειν Papias (4).
    ⑥ the sphere in which power is exercised, domain (4 Km 20:13; Ps 113:2) Lk 4:6. ἐκ τ. ἐξουσίας Ἡρῴδου ἐστίν he comes fr. Herod’s jurisdiction 23:7. ἐ. τοῦ σκότους domain of darkness 22:53; Col 1:13 (opp. the βασιλεία of Christ). Hence ἐ. τοῦ ἀέρος simply domain of the air Eph 2:2; s. ἀήρ 2b.
    ⑦ Various opinions are held about the mng. of 1 Cor 11:10 ὀφείλει ἡ γυνὴ ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς διὰ τοὺς ἀγγέλους. Many now understand it as a means of exercising power (cp. δύναμις 1b.—It is abstract for concrete, as βασιλεία [1] in Diod S 1, 47, 5: a stone figure ἔχουσα τρεῖς βασιλείας ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς=that wears three symbols of royal power [diadems] on its head), that is to say, the veil (κάλυμμα is v.l. for ἐ. here; s. critical apparatus in N.) by which women at prayer (when they draw near to the heavenly realm) protect themselves fr. the amorous glances of certain angels. But the veil may also have been simply a symbol of womanly dignity, esp. befitting a Christian woman, and esp. in the presence of holy angels (s. Cadbury below).—WWeber, ZWT 46, 1903, 487–99; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 12–23 al.; EFehrle, Die kultische Keuschheit im Altertum1910, 39; RPerdelwitz, StKr 86, 1913, 611–13; LBrun, ZNW 14, 1913, 298–308; GKittel, Rabbinica 1920, 17ff; Billerb. III 423–35; KBornhäuser, NKZ 41, 1930, 475–88; WFoerster, ZNW 30, ’31, 185f; MGinsburger, RHPR 12, ’32, 245–47; OMotta, ET 44, ’33, 139–41; CSpicq, RB 48, ’39, 557–62; EBlakeney, ET 55, ’44, 138; SLösch, TQ 127, ’47, 216–61; JFitzmyer, NTS 3, ’57, 48–58; HCadbury, HTR 51, ’58, 1f (Qumran parallels); MHooker, NTS 10, ’64, 410–16; AIsaksson, Marriage and Ministry in the NT ’65, 176–81; GSchwartz, ZNW 70, ’79, 249 (Aramaic background).—LCerfaux et JTondriau, Un Concurrent du Christianisme, ’57. S. on ἄγγελος 2c.—V.l. for ἄρχειν Papias (4).—DELG s.v. εἰμί. New Docs 2, 83f. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἐξουσία

  • 6 encendido

    adj.
    1 turned-on.
    2 running, turned-on.
    3 high-tone, red.
    4 blushing, red, flushed.
    5 heated.
    6 on fire, lit, alight, glowing.
    m.
    1 ignition, spark.
    2 firing, kindling.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: encender.
    * * *
    1 (gen) lighting
    2 AUTOMÓVIL ignition
    ————————
    1→ link=encender encender
    1 (incendiado) on fire, burning
    4 (color) glowing, fiery
    5 (rostro) red, flushed
    1 (gen) lighting
    2 AUTOMÓVIL ignition
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [gen] alight; [colilla, fuego] lighted, lit; [luz, radio] on, switched on; [hilo] live; [color] glowing
    2) (=rojo vivo) bright red; [mejillas] glowing; [cara] [por el vino] flushed; [por la ira] purple; [mirada] fiery, passionate
    2.
    SM [de faroles] lighting; (Aut) ignition
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    a) <rostro/mejillas> flushed
    b) < discurso> fiery, passionate; < polémica> heated
    II
    masculino ignition
    * * *
    = on, lit-up, ignition.
    Ex. The computer, in essence, can do one thing and one thing only; it can recognize the difference between the two states 'on' and 'off'; rather like a person being able to tell whether a light is on or off.
    Ex. The lit-up computer screen is now our symbol of knowledge and power, omnipresent and omniscient as the eye of almighty God in days gone by.
    Ex. The booklet concludes with a section on motorcycle maintenance that addresses lubrication, ignition tune-up, electrical systems, carburetors, and general troubleshooting.
    ----
    * apagado y encendido = off and on, on and off.
    * bobina de encendido = ignition coil.
    * estar encendido = be on.
    * interruptor de encendido/apagado = ON/OFF switch.
    * regulación del encendido = ignition timing.
    * sistema de encendido = ignition system.
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    a) <rostro/mejillas> flushed
    b) < discurso> fiery, passionate; < polémica> heated
    II
    masculino ignition
    * * *
    = on, lit-up, ignition.

    Ex: The computer, in essence, can do one thing and one thing only; it can recognize the difference between the two states 'on' and 'off'; rather like a person being able to tell whether a light is on or off.

    Ex: The lit-up computer screen is now our symbol of knowledge and power, omnipresent and omniscient as the eye of almighty God in days gone by.
    Ex: The booklet concludes with a section on motorcycle maintenance that addresses lubrication, ignition tune-up, electrical systems, carburetors, and general troubleshooting.
    * apagado y encendido = off and on, on and off.
    * bobina de encendido = ignition coil.
    * estar encendido = be on.
    * interruptor de encendido/apagado = ON/OFF switch.
    * regulación del encendido = ignition timing.
    * sistema de encendido = ignition system.

    * * *
    encendido1 -da
    1 ‹rostro/mejillas› flushed
    llegó corriendo, con las mejillas encendidas she came running in, her cheeks flushed o ( liter) ablaze
    2 ‹discurso› fiery, passionate; ‹polémica› heated
    ignition
    Compuesto:
    electronic ignition
    * * *

    Del verbo encender: ( conjugate encender)

    encendido es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    encender    
    encendido
    encender ( conjugate encender) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹cigarrillo/hoguera/vela› to light;

    ‹ fósforo› to strike, light
    b) ‹luz/calefacción› to switch on, turn on;

    ‹ motor› to start;

    verbo intransitivo [ fósforo] to light;
    [ leña] to catch light;
    [luz/radio] to come on
    encenderse verbo pronominal [aparato/luz] to come on;
    [fósforo/piloto] to light;
    [ leña] to catch light
    encendido sustantivo masculino
    ignition
    encender verbo transitivo
    1 (con interruptor) to switch on
    (con fuego) to light: enciende una cerilla, strike a match
    2 (avivar) to stir up
    encendido,-a
    I m (de un coche) ignition
    encendido automático, self-ignition
    II adjetivo
    1 (el rostro) flushed
    2 (intenso) passionate: una encendida pasión, a flaming passion
    ' encendido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ardiente
    - encendida
    - apagado
    - encender
    English:
    burn
    - careless
    - fiery
    - glowing
    - ignition
    - leave on
    - on
    - timing
    - distributor
    - fire
    - leave
    - run
    - switch
    * * *
    encendido, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [luz, colilla] burning;
    la luz está encendida the light is on;
    te has dejado la estufa encendida you've left the heater on
    2. [deseos, mirada, palabras] passionate, ardent
    3. [mejillas] red, flushed
    ♦ nm
    1. [acción] lighting
    2. Aut ignition
    encendido electrónico electronic ignition
    * * *
    I adj
    1 luz, televisión (switched) on; fuego lit
    2 cara red
    II m AUTO ignition
    * * *
    encendido, -da adj
    1) : burning
    2) : flushed
    3) : fiery, passionate
    : ignition
    * * *
    1. (aparato, luz) on
    2. (fuego, vela, etc) lit

    Spanish-English dictionary > encendido

  • 7 en el pasado

    = in the past, in past eras, at some point in the past, in years gone by, in days gone by, in former times
    Ex. In-house authority list record the headings that have been established for a given body or person in the past by that cataloguing or indexing agency.
    Ex. The needs of today's information users place demands on our information services far more acute than were normal in past eras.
    Ex. Some of the examples are incorrect according to the present schedules, but are found to have been correct at some point in the past.
    Ex. In years gone by there were warnings of the dangers of reading and listening to the radio.
    Ex. The lit-up computer screen is now our symbol of knowledge and power, omnipresent and omniscient as the eye of almighty God in days gone by.
    Ex. Because enumerative bibliography was not always the well organized craft it has now become many retrospective bibliographies produced in former times must be regarded with suspicion.
    * * *
    = in the past, in past eras, at some point in the past, in years gone by, in days gone by, in former times

    Ex: In-house authority list record the headings that have been established for a given body or person in the past by that cataloguing or indexing agency.

    Ex: The needs of today's information users place demands on our information services far more acute than were normal in past eras.
    Ex: Some of the examples are incorrect according to the present schedules, but are found to have been correct at some point in the past.
    Ex: In years gone by there were warnings of the dangers of reading and listening to the radio.
    Ex: The lit-up computer screen is now our symbol of knowledge and power, omnipresent and omniscient as the eye of almighty God in days gone by.
    Ex: Because enumerative bibliography was not always the well organized craft it has now become many retrospective bibliographies produced in former times must be regarded with suspicion.

    Spanish-English dictionary > en el pasado

  • 8 iluminado

    adj.
    illuminated, lamplit, clear, lighted.
    m.
    1 illumination, lighting.
    2 prophet, sage.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: iluminar.
    * * *
    1→ link=iluminar iluminar
    1 (habitación) lit; (calles) lit, lit up
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 illuminate
    * * *
    iluminado, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=alumbrado) illuminated, lit
    2) (=con conocimiento) enlightened
    3)

    estar iluminado — ** (=borracho) to be lit up *; (=drogado) to be high *

    2.
    SM / F visionary
    * * *
    - da masculino, femenino (lúcido, clarividente) visionary
    * * *
    = illuminated, lit-up.
    Ex. This process is similar to the way jets of water in illuminated fountains trap the light from underwater light sources.
    Ex. The lit-up computer screen is now our symbol of knowledge and power, omnipresent and omniscient as the eye of almighty God in days gone by.
    ----
    * bien iluminado = well-lit.
    * iluminado con velas = candlelight, candlelit.
    * iluminado por la luna = moonlit.
    * mal iluminado = badly-lit.
    * muy iluminado = brightly illuminated.
    * poco iluminado = dimly illuminated.
    * * *
    - da masculino, femenino (lúcido, clarividente) visionary
    * * *
    = illuminated, lit-up.

    Ex: This process is similar to the way jets of water in illuminated fountains trap the light from underwater light sources.

    Ex: The lit-up computer screen is now our symbol of knowledge and power, omnipresent and omniscient as the eye of almighty God in days gone by.
    * bien iluminado = well-lit.
    * iluminado con velas = candlelight, candlelit.
    * iluminado por la luna = moonlit.
    * mal iluminado = badly-lit.
    * muy iluminado = brightly illuminated.
    * poco iluminado = dimly illuminated.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    1 (lúcido, clarividente) visionary
    2 ( Relig) illuminist
    los Iluminados the Illuminati
    * * *

    Del verbo iluminar: ( conjugate iluminar)

    iluminado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    iluminado    
    iluminar
    iluminar ( conjugate iluminar) verbo transitivo

    ‹ monumento› to illuminate;
    ‹ escenario› to light

    c) ‹rostro/ojos› (liter) to light up

    iluminado,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (estancia, cuarto) lit (up)
    2 (manuscrito) illuminated
    II m,f (persona) visionary
    iluminar verbo transitivo
    1 to illuminate, light (up)
    2 fig (enseñar) to enlighten
    (esclarecer) to throw light upon
    3 Arte (un manuscrito) illuminate
    ' iluminado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    diáfana
    - diáfano
    - iluminada
    English:
    moonlit
    - sunlit
    - dim
    - floodlight
    - moon
    * * *
    iluminado, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [con luz] lit (up);
    el lugar estaba mal iluminado y no pude verle la cara the place was poorly lit and I couldn't see his face
    2. Rel enlightened
    3. Pey [político, terrorista]
    un político iluminado a politician who thinks he's on a mission from above
    ♦ nm,f
    1. Rel enlightened person
    2. Pey [político, terrorista]
    son unos iluminados they think they're on a mission from above
    * * *
    I m, iluminada f REL visionary
    II part → iluminar
    * * *
    iluminado, -da adj
    : illuminated, lighted

    Spanish-English dictionary > iluminado

  • 9 incandescente

    adj.
    incandescent.
    m.
    incandescent light bulb, incandescent bulb.
    * * *
    1 incandescent
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [hierro, bombilla] incandescent frm, white hot
    2) [mirada] burning, passionate
    * * *
    adjetivo incandescent
    * * *
    = incandescent, lit-up.
    Ex. Buildings originally wired for incandescent lights are likely to have sufficient electrical service for automation needs.
    Ex. The lit-up computer screen is now our symbol of knowledge and power, omnipresent and omniscient as the eye of almighty God in days gone by.
    ----
    * brillo incandescente = glow.
    * * *
    adjetivo incandescent
    * * *
    = incandescent, lit-up.

    Ex: Buildings originally wired for incandescent lights are likely to have sufficient electrical service for automation needs.

    Ex: The lit-up computer screen is now our symbol of knowledge and power, omnipresent and omniscient as the eye of almighty God in days gone by.
    * brillo incandescente = glow.

    * * *
    incandescent
    * * *

    incandescente adjetivo
    incandescent
    incandescente adjetivo white hot, incandescent
    ' incandescente' also found in these entries:
    English:
    glowing
    * * *
    incandescent
    * * *
    adj incandescent

    Spanish-English dictionary > incandescente

  • 10 omnisciente

    adj.
    omniscient.
    f. & m.
    omniscient.
    * * *
    1 omniscient
    * * *
    Ex. The lit-up computer screen is now our symbol of knowledge and power, omnipresent and omniscient as the eye of almighty God in days gone by.
    * * *

    Ex: The lit-up computer screen is now our symbol of knowledge and power, omnipresent and omniscient as the eye of almighty God in days gone by.

    * * *
    ( frml); omniscient ( frml)
    * * *
    omniscient
    * * *
    adj omniscient
    * * *
    : omniscient

    Spanish-English dictionary > omnisciente

  • 11 todopoderoso

    adj.
    almighty, all-powerful, omnipotent.
    m.
    Almighty.
    * * *
    1 almighty, all-powerful
    1 the Almighty
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ almighty, all-powerful
    2.
    SM
    * * *
    * * *
    Ex. The lit-up computer screen is now our symbol of knowledge and power, omnipresent and omniscient as the eye of almighty God in days gone by.
    * * *
    * * *

    Ex: The lit-up computer screen is now our symbol of knowledge and power, omnipresent and omniscient as the eye of almighty God in days gone by.

    * * *
    el Todopoderoso the Almighty
    * * *

    Multiple Entries:
    Todopoderoso    
    todopoderoso
    Todopoderoso sustantivo masculino:

    todopoderoso -sa adjetivo
    all-powerful
    todopoderoso,-a
    I adjetivo all-powerful
    II m Rel el Todopoderoso, the Almighty

    ' todopoderoso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    todopoderosa
    - Todopoderoso
    English:
    almighty
    - all
    * * *
    todopoderoso, -a
    ♦ adj
    almighty
    ♦ nm
    el Todopoderoso the Almighty
    * * *
    adj omnipotent, all-powerful;
    el Todopoderoso the Almighty
    * * *
    todopoderoso, -sa adj
    omnipotente: almighty, all-powerful

    Spanish-English dictionary > todopoderoso

  • 12 distribuir

    v.
    to distribute.
    distribuyen comida entre los pobres they give out food to the poor, they distribute food among the poor
    distribuir las tareas to divide up o share out the tasks
    Ella distribuyó las provisiones She distributed the provisions.
    Ellos distribuyeron los volantes They distributed=handed out the fliers.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ HUIR], like link=huir huir
    1 (repartir) to distribute
    2 (correo) to deliver; (trabajo) to share, allot; (agua, gas, etc) to supply
    3 (un piso) to lay out
    4 (colocar) to arrange, place
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=repartir) [+ víveres, mercancía, película] to distribute; [+ correo] to deliver; [+ trabajo, tarea] to allocate; [+ folletos] [en buzones] to distribute; [en mano] to hand out
    2) (=entregar) [+ premios] to give out; [+ dividendos] to pay
    3) (Téc) [+ carga] to stow, arrange; [+ peso] to distribute equally
    4) (Arquit) to plan, lay out
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <dinero/víveres/panfletos> to hand out, distribute; < ganancias> to distribute; < tareas> to allocate, assign; <carga/peso> to distribute, spread
    b) <producto/película> to distribute
    c) canal/conducto < agua> to distribute
    d) (disponer, dividir)
    2.
    distribuirse v pron (refl) to divide up
    * * *
    = allot, circulate, disperse, distribute, hand (over), host, scatter, spread (over/throughout), propagate out to, hand out, apportion, dispense, pass out, sequence, spread out, lay out, cascade, space out.
    Ex. Money is allotted with the library fund subfunction.
    Ex. The discussions, debates, submissions and decisions of conferences are often printed and circulated to delegates and made available to other interested parties.
    Ex. For example, Recreation, previously dispersed over several main classes, is now brought together as a new main class, and Space Science has been added between Astronomy and the Earth Sciences.
    Ex. A bulletin will be a printed list, or set list for consultation on a VDU, which is published and distributed to a number of users on a specific subject area, say, building products or cancer research.
    Ex. Eventually, teachers should be able to ' hand the chalk over to the students' and take a back seat.
    Ex. Most computer bureaux which host the factual data bases have their own world-wide networks.
    Ex. Similar and closely related subjects are likely to be scattered under different keywords.
    Ex. This should illustrate rather dramatically how failure to adopt a single well-defined form of name could spread entries throughout the alphabet.
    Ex. We must develop and study intelligent interfaces that propagate out to the information universe and report back to us.
    Ex. An aggressive approach is made to publicity, with posters and leaflets distributed widely, visits to local shops, post offices, doctors surgeries etc, to drum up business, and the use of volunteers to hand out leaflets at street corners = Se inicia una campaña de publicidad enérgica, distribuyendo de forma general folletos y pósteres, visitando las tiendas, oficinas de correos y consultorías médicas de la localidad, etc., para promocionar el negocio, además de utilizar voluntarios para distribuir prospectos por las esquinas de las calles.
    Ex. However, procedures for apportioning collection budgets have not been designed specifically for the school context.
    Ex. This paper describes the role of the federal government in dispensing aid to public libraries as part of the combat against the Great Depression of the 1930s.
    Ex. At the Closing Session Danish flags were suddenly produced and passed out among the crowd who began waving them enthusiastically.
    Ex. The coefficients of eigenvectors associated with the largest eigenvalue provide the basis for sequencing atoms which are ordered according to the relative magnitudes of the coefficients.
    Ex. For instance, in reproduction of Renoir's work under the subject IMPRESSIONISM, Renoir's works would not stand together in the catalog but be spread out according to their titles.
    Ex. There should be plenty of space to lay out all the books attractively and for people to move about without feeling too crowded.
    Ex. This project is designed to provide a network of practising librarians with a programme in educational methods and skills which can then be disseminated, or ' cascaded', to a wider network of professional colleagues.
    Ex. The results of a study suggest that people remember more high school material when learning occurs spaced out over several years.
    ----
    * distribuir aleatoriamente = randomise [randomize, -USA].
    * distribuir de un modo escalonado = lay out in + stages.
    * distribuir de un modo planificado = zone.
    * distribuir el trabajo = spread + the load.
    * distribuir la responsabilidad = spread + the load.
    * distribuirse = spread over.
    * distribuir un cuestionario = circulate + questionnaire.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <dinero/víveres/panfletos> to hand out, distribute; < ganancias> to distribute; < tareas> to allocate, assign; <carga/peso> to distribute, spread
    b) <producto/película> to distribute
    c) canal/conducto < agua> to distribute
    d) (disponer, dividir)
    2.
    distribuirse v pron (refl) to divide up
    * * *
    = allot, circulate, disperse, distribute, hand (over), host, scatter, spread (over/throughout), propagate out to, hand out, apportion, dispense, pass out, sequence, spread out, lay out, cascade, space out.

    Ex: Money is allotted with the library fund subfunction.

    Ex: The discussions, debates, submissions and decisions of conferences are often printed and circulated to delegates and made available to other interested parties.
    Ex: For example, Recreation, previously dispersed over several main classes, is now brought together as a new main class, and Space Science has been added between Astronomy and the Earth Sciences.
    Ex: A bulletin will be a printed list, or set list for consultation on a VDU, which is published and distributed to a number of users on a specific subject area, say, building products or cancer research.
    Ex: Eventually, teachers should be able to ' hand the chalk over to the students' and take a back seat.
    Ex: Most computer bureaux which host the factual data bases have their own world-wide networks.
    Ex: Similar and closely related subjects are likely to be scattered under different keywords.
    Ex: This should illustrate rather dramatically how failure to adopt a single well-defined form of name could spread entries throughout the alphabet.
    Ex: We must develop and study intelligent interfaces that propagate out to the information universe and report back to us.
    Ex: An aggressive approach is made to publicity, with posters and leaflets distributed widely, visits to local shops, post offices, doctors surgeries etc, to drum up business, and the use of volunteers to hand out leaflets at street corners = Se inicia una campaña de publicidad enérgica, distribuyendo de forma general folletos y pósteres, visitando las tiendas, oficinas de correos y consultorías médicas de la localidad, etc., para promocionar el negocio, además de utilizar voluntarios para distribuir prospectos por las esquinas de las calles.
    Ex: However, procedures for apportioning collection budgets have not been designed specifically for the school context.
    Ex: This paper describes the role of the federal government in dispensing aid to public libraries as part of the combat against the Great Depression of the 1930s.
    Ex: At the Closing Session Danish flags were suddenly produced and passed out among the crowd who began waving them enthusiastically.
    Ex: The coefficients of eigenvectors associated with the largest eigenvalue provide the basis for sequencing atoms which are ordered according to the relative magnitudes of the coefficients.
    Ex: For instance, in reproduction of Renoir's work under the subject IMPRESSIONISM, Renoir's works would not stand together in the catalog but be spread out according to their titles.
    Ex: There should be plenty of space to lay out all the books attractively and for people to move about without feeling too crowded.
    Ex: This project is designed to provide a network of practising librarians with a programme in educational methods and skills which can then be disseminated, or ' cascaded', to a wider network of professional colleagues.
    Ex: The results of a study suggest that people remember more high school material when learning occurs spaced out over several years.
    * distribuir aleatoriamente = randomise [randomize, -USA].
    * distribuir de un modo escalonado = lay out in + stages.
    * distribuir de un modo planificado = zone.
    * distribuir el trabajo = spread + the load.
    * distribuir la responsabilidad = spread + the load.
    * distribuirse = spread over.
    * distribuir un cuestionario = circulate + questionnaire.

    * * *
    vt
    1 (repartir) ‹dinero/víveres/panfletos› to hand out, distribute; ‹ganancias› to distribute; ‹tareas› to allocate, assign; ‹carga/peso› to distribute, spread
    un país donde la riqueza está muy mal distribuida a country where wealth is very unevenly distributed
    2 ‹producto/película› to distribute
    3 «canal/conducto» ‹agua› to distribute
    4
    (disponer, dividir): las habitaciones están muy bien distribuidas the rooms are very well laid out o arranged
    los distribuyeron en tres grupos they divided them into three groups
    ( refl) to divide up
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    distribuir    
    distribuir algo
    distribuir ( conjugate distribuir) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹dinero/víveres/panfletos› to hand out, distribute;

    ‹ ganancias› to distribute;
    ‹ tareas› to allocate, assign;
    ‹carga/peso› to distribute, spread
    b) ‹producto/película› to distribute

    c) [canal/conducto] ‹ agua› to distribute


    e) ( dividir) to divide … up;


    distribuirse verbo pronominal ( refl) to divide up
    distribuir verbo transitivo
    1 (repartir productos) to distribute: ¿quién distribuye esta revista en España?, who distributes this magazine in Spain?
    2 (dar la parte correspondiente) to share out: voy a distribuir las pocas patatas que quedan, I'll divide up the few potatoes left
    3 (poner varias cosas en un sitio adecuado) to arrange: ¿qué te parece cómo he distribuido los muebles?, how do you like my furniture arrangement?
    ' distribuir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escalonar
    - repartir
    English:
    distribute
    - dole out
    - give out
    - hand round
    - issue
    - pass out
    - syndicate
    - deal
    - give
    - hand
    - share
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [repartir] [dinero, alimentos, medicamentos] to distribute, to hand out;
    [carga, trabajo] to spread; [pastel, ganancias] to divide up; [correo] to deliver;
    distribuyen comida entre los pobres they give out food to the poor, they distribute food among the poor;
    distribuir propaganda por los buzones to deliver advertising leaflets through Br letter boxes o US mailboxes;
    distribuir la riqueza más justamente to share out o distribute wealth more justly;
    distribuir el trabajo/las tareas to divide up o share out the work/the tasks;
    trata de distribuir bien tu tiempo try to manage your time carefully
    2. Com [mercancías, productos, películas] to distribute;
    una empresa que distribuye material de papelería a firm distributing stationery materials
    3. [disponer]
    una casa muy bien distribuida a house with a very nice layout;
    nos distribuyeron en grupos de cinco they divided o split us into groups of five;
    distribuyó los libros por temas she arranged the books by topic
    * * *
    v/t
    1 distribute; beneficio share out
    2
    :
    distribuir en grupos divide into groups
    * * *
    distribuir {41} vt
    : to distribute
    * * *
    1. (en general) to distribute
    hay que distribuir la riqueza, el saber y el poder we must distribute wealth, knowledge and power
    2. (trabajo) to share out

    Spanish-English dictionary > distribuir

  • 13 Wissen

    vt/i; weiß, wusste, gewusst
    1. know ( von oder geh. um about); wissen lassen, dass... let on that...; jemanden etw. wissen lassen let s.o. know s.th.; ich weiß genau, dass... I know for a fact that...; weißt du noch? (do you) remember?; ich weiß seinen Namen nicht mehr I can’t remember his name; weißt du schon das Neueste? have you heard the latest?; woher weißt du das? how do you know?; sie weiß nicht, was sie will she doesn’t know what she wants; er weiß nicht, was er sagt he doesn’t know what he’s talking about; sie ist sehr hübsch, aber sie weiß es auch she’s very pretty and she knows it; er weiß immer alles besser iro. he always knows better; das musst du selber wissen that’s up to you; ich möchte wissen, wie etc. (ich frage mich) I wonder how etc.; ich möchte ( doch) gern wissen... I’d (really) like to know...; ich möchte nicht wissen, was... I wouldn’t like to know what...; wenn ich nur wüsste,... if I only knew...; das hätte ich ( früher) wissen sollen! I wish I’d known (earlier); woher soll ich denn das wissen? oder was ich immer alles wissen soll! umg. how am I supposed to know that!; woher will er denn das wissen? where’s he got ( oder where’d he learn) that from?; das weiß doch jedes Kind! any child knows that!; ich will von ihm / davon nichts wissen I don’t want anything to do with him / it; ich will von ihr nichts mehr wissen I’m through with her; von Geld wollte er nichts wissen he refused to ( oder he wouldn’t) accept any money; jetzt will ich’s aber wissen! umg. (beweisen, versuchen etc.) there’s only one way to find out!; Bescheid 3, Rat1 1
    2. in Redefloskeln und Wendungen: weißt du was? umg. (do) you know what?; weißt du,... you know...; du musst ( nämlich) wissen, dass... you must know that...; erklärend: I have to tell you that...; nicht / wohl wissend, dass... not knowing / knowing very well that...; gewusst, wie! umg. it’s easy when you know how!; was weiß ich! umg. how should I know?, how am I supposed to know?; ich weiß nicht recht I’m not (so) sure, I dunno umg.; man kann nie wissen umg. you never know; bei ihr kann man nie wissen with her you never know; soviel ich weiß as far as I know; ich wüsste nicht warum / wie! I’ve no idea why / how!; nicht, dass ich wüsste! not that I know of; (ja,) wenn ich das wüsste! (well) if I knew that!; weiß der Geier oder Henker oder das wissen die Götter! God knows!; was ich nicht weiß, macht mich nicht heiß Sprichw. what you don’t know can’t hurt you, what the eye doesn’t see the heart doesn’t grieve over; ich weiß, dass ich nichts weiß Sokrates: I know that I know nothing
    3. (+ Inf. mit zu): sich zu helfen / verteidigen / wehren wissen be able ( oder know how) to look after / defend o.s.; ich werde ihn schon zu finden wissen I’ll find him all right, I’ll find him, don’t you worry; sie weiß nichts mit sich / mit i-r Freiheit anzufangen she doesn’t know what to do with herself / her freedom
    4. geh.: jemanden / sich in Sicherheit wissen know that s.o. / one is safe; er wusste sie gesund und sicher zu Hause he knew that she was safe and well at home; ich möchte das so verstanden wissen I’d like to have that understood
    5. umg., verstärkend: und was weiß ich noch alles and what not; als ob es wer weiß was gekostet hätte as if it had cost goodness knows how much; er hält sich für wer weiß wie klug he thinks he’s ever so clever (Am. smart)
    * * *
    das Wissen
    know-how; knowledge; learning
    * * *
    Wịs|sen ['vɪsn]
    nt -s, no pl
    knowledge
    * * *
    1) (to be aware of or to have been informed about: He knows everything; I know he is at home because his car is in the drive; He knows all about it; I know of no reason why you cannot go.) know
    2) (the fact of knowing: She was greatly encouraged by the knowledge that she had won first prize in the competition.) knowledge
    * * *
    Wis·sen
    <-s>
    [ˈvɪsn̩]
    nt kein pl knowledge no pl
    nach bestem \Wissen und Gewissen (geh) to the best of one's knowledge
    \Wissen ist Macht knowledge is power
    wider/gegen besseres \Wissen against one's better judgement
    ohne jds \Wissen und Willen without sb's knowledge and consent
    * * *
    das; Wissens knowledge

    wider od. gegen besseres Wissen — against one's better judgement

    * * *
    Wissen n; -s, kein pl knowledge (
    über +akk oder
    von, um of;
    in +dat of);
    meines Wissens as far as I know, to my knowledge;
    mit meinem/ohne mein Wissen with my knowledge/without my knowledge ( oder knowing);
    nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen to the best of one’s knowledge and belief;
    wider besseres Wissen geh against one’s better judg(e)ment;
    Wissen ist Macht sprichw knowledge is power
    * * *
    das; Wissens knowledge

    wider od. gegen besseres Wissen — against one's better judgement

    * * *
    n.
    knowledge n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Wissen

  • 14 wissen

    vt/i; weiß, wusste, gewusst
    1. know ( von oder geh. um about); wissen lassen, dass... let on that...; jemanden etw. wissen lassen let s.o. know s.th.; ich weiß genau, dass... I know for a fact that...; weißt du noch? (do you) remember?; ich weiß seinen Namen nicht mehr I can’t remember his name; weißt du schon das Neueste? have you heard the latest?; woher weißt du das? how do you know?; sie weiß nicht, was sie will she doesn’t know what she wants; er weiß nicht, was er sagt he doesn’t know what he’s talking about; sie ist sehr hübsch, aber sie weiß es auch she’s very pretty and she knows it; er weiß immer alles besser iro. he always knows better; das musst du selber wissen that’s up to you; ich möchte wissen, wie etc. (ich frage mich) I wonder how etc.; ich möchte ( doch) gern wissen... I’d (really) like to know...; ich möchte nicht wissen, was... I wouldn’t like to know what...; wenn ich nur wüsste,... if I only knew...; das hätte ich ( früher) wissen sollen! I wish I’d known (earlier); woher soll ich denn das wissen? oder was ich immer alles wissen soll! umg. how am I supposed to know that!; woher will er denn das wissen? where’s he got ( oder where’d he learn) that from?; das weiß doch jedes Kind! any child knows that!; ich will von ihm / davon nichts wissen I don’t want anything to do with him / it; ich will von ihr nichts mehr wissen I’m through with her; von Geld wollte er nichts wissen he refused to ( oder he wouldn’t) accept any money; jetzt will ich’s aber wissen! umg. (beweisen, versuchen etc.) there’s only one way to find out!; Bescheid 3, Rat1 1
    2. in Redefloskeln und Wendungen: weißt du was? umg. (do) you know what?; weißt du,... you know...; du musst ( nämlich) wissen, dass... you must know that...; erklärend: I have to tell you that...; nicht / wohl wissend, dass... not knowing / knowing very well that...; gewusst, wie! umg. it’s easy when you know how!; was weiß ich! umg. how should I know?, how am I supposed to know?; ich weiß nicht recht I’m not (so) sure, I dunno umg.; man kann nie wissen umg. you never know; bei ihr kann man nie wissen with her you never know; soviel ich weiß as far as I know; ich wüsste nicht warum / wie! I’ve no idea why / how!; nicht, dass ich wüsste! not that I know of; (ja,) wenn ich das wüsste! (well) if I knew that!; weiß der Geier oder Henker oder das wissen die Götter! God knows!; was ich nicht weiß, macht mich nicht heiß Sprichw. what you don’t know can’t hurt you, what the eye doesn’t see the heart doesn’t grieve over; ich weiß, dass ich nichts weiß Sokrates: I know that I know nothing
    3. (+ Inf. mit zu): sich zu helfen / verteidigen / wehren wissen be able ( oder know how) to look after / defend o.s.; ich werde ihn schon zu finden wissen I’ll find him all right, I’ll find him, don’t you worry; sie weiß nichts mit sich / mit i-r Freiheit anzufangen she doesn’t know what to do with herself / her freedom
    4. geh.: jemanden / sich in Sicherheit wissen know that s.o. / one is safe; er wusste sie gesund und sicher zu Hause he knew that she was safe and well at home; ich möchte das so verstanden wissen I’d like to have that understood
    5. umg., verstärkend: und was weiß ich noch alles and what not; als ob es wer weiß was gekostet hätte as if it had cost goodness knows how much; er hält sich für wer weiß wie klug he thinks he’s ever so clever (Am. smart)
    * * *
    das Wissen
    know-how; knowledge; learning
    * * *
    Wịs|sen ['vɪsn]
    nt -s, no pl
    knowledge
    * * *
    1) (to be aware of or to have been informed about: He knows everything; I know he is at home because his car is in the drive; He knows all about it; I know of no reason why you cannot go.) know
    2) (the fact of knowing: She was greatly encouraged by the knowledge that she had won first prize in the competition.) knowledge
    * * *
    Wis·sen
    <-s>
    [ˈvɪsn̩]
    nt kein pl knowledge no pl
    nach bestem \Wissen und Gewissen (geh) to the best of one's knowledge
    \Wissen ist Macht knowledge is power
    wider/gegen besseres \Wissen against one's better judgement
    ohne jds \Wissen und Willen without sb's knowledge and consent
    * * *
    das; Wissens knowledge

    wider od. gegen besseres Wissen — against one's better judgement

    * * *
    wissen v/t & v/i; weiß, wusste, gewusst
    1. know (
    von oder geh
    um about);
    wissen lassen, dass … let on that …;
    ich weiß genau, dass … I know for a fact that …;
    weißt du noch? (do you) remember?;
    ich weiß seinen Namen nicht mehr I can’t remember his name;
    weißt du schon das Neueste? have you heard the latest?;
    woher weißt du das? how do you know?;
    sie weiß nicht, was sie will she doesn’t know what she wants;
    er weiß nicht, was er sagt he doesn’t know what he’s talking about;
    sie ist sehr hübsch, aber sie weiß es auch she’s very pretty and she knows it;
    er weiß immer alles besser iron he always knows better;
    das musst du selber wissen that’s up to you;
    ich möchte wissen, wie etc (ich frage mich) I wonder how etc;
    ich möchte (doch) gern wissen … I’d (really) like to know …;
    ich möchte nicht wissen, was … I wouldn’t like to know what …;
    wenn ich nur wüsste, … if I only knew …;
    das hätte ich (früher) wissen sollen! I wish I’d known (earlier);
    woher soll ich denn das wissen? oder
    was ich immer alles wissen soll! umg how am I supposed to know that!;
    woher will er denn das wissen? where’s he got ( oder where’d he learn) that from?;
    das weiß doch jedes Kind! any child knows that!;
    ich will von ihm/davon nichts wissen I don’t want anything to do with him/it;
    ich will von ihr nichts mehr wissen I’m through with her;
    von Geld wollte er nichts wissen he refused to ( oder he wouldn’t) accept any money;
    jetzt will ich’s aber wissen! umg (beweisen, versuchen etc) there’s only one way to find out!; → Bescheid 3, Rat1 1
    weißt du was? umg (do) you know what?;
    weißt du, … you know …;
    du musst (nämlich) wissen, dass … you must know that …; erklärend: I have to tell you that …;
    nicht/wohl wissend, dass … not knowing/knowing very well that …;
    gewusst, wie! umg it’s easy when you know how!;
    was weiß ich! umg how should I know?, how am I supposed to know?;
    ich weiß nicht recht I’m not (so) sure, I dunno umg;
    man kann nie wissen umg you never know;
    bei ihr kann man nie wissen with her you never know;
    soviel ich weiß as far as I know;
    ich wüsste nicht warum/wie! I’ve no idea why/how!;
    nicht, dass ich wüsste! not that I know of;
    (ja,) wenn ich das wüsste! (well) if I knew that!;
    das wissen die Götter! God knows!;
    was ich nicht weiß, macht mich nicht heiß sprichw what you don’t know can’t hurt you, what the eye doesn’t see the heart doesn’t grieve over;
    ich weiß, dass ich nichts weiß Sokrates: I know that I know nothing
    3. (+inf mit zu):
    sich zu helfen/verteidigen/wehren wissen be able ( oder know how) to look after/defend o.s.;
    ich werde ihn schon zu finden wissen I’ll find him all right, I’ll find him, don’t you worry;
    sie weiß nichts mit sich/mit i-r Freiheit anzufangen she doesn’t know what to do with herself/her freedom
    4. geh:
    jemanden/sich in Sicherheit wissen know that sb/one is safe;
    er wusste sie gesund und sicher zu Hause he knew that she was safe and well at home;
    ich möchte das so verstanden wissen I’d like to have that understood
    5. umg, verstärkend:
    als ob es wer weiß was gekostet hätte as if it had cost goodness knows how much;
    er hält sich für wer weiß wie klug he thinks he’s ever so clever (US smart)
    * * *
    das; Wissens knowledge

    wider od. gegen besseres Wissen — against one's better judgement

    * * *
    n.
    knowledge n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > wissen

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    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography

  • 16 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 17 motor

    adj.
    motive, driving, motor.
    m.
    1 motor, engine.
    2 motor, driving force.
    * * *
    1 motive
    2 BIOLOGÍA motor
    1 TÉCNICA engine
    2 figurado driving force
    \
    motor de arranque starter motor
    motor de explosión internal-combustion engine
    motor de inyección fuel-injection engine
    motor de reacción jet engine
    motor fuera bordo outboard motor
    ————————
    1 TÉCNICA engine
    2 figurado driving force
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) motor, engine
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (Téc) motive, motor (EEUU)
    2) (Anat) motor
    2.
    SM motor, engine

    motor a chorro, motor a reacción — jet engine

    motor de arranque — starter, starter motor

    motor de búsqueda — (Internet) search engine

    motor de combustión interna, motor de explosión — internal combustion engine

    motor de puesta en marcha — starter, starter motor

    * * *
    I
    - triz, motor - tora adjetivo motor (before n)
    II
    1) (Tec) engine

    funciona con or a motor — it is motor-driven

    2) ( impulsor) driving force
    * * *
    = prime mover, engine, driving force, driver.
    Ex. The implementation of successive programmes for supplying educational institutions with microcomputer equipment seems to be the principal prime mover of computerisation processes.
    Ex. These companies have been racing to define the information superhighway for themselves, and to stake a claim in what they view as the economic engine of the information age.
    Ex. On-line services have been one of the most powerful driving forces moving information away from its traditional definition and towards the commodity view.
    Ex. The realization that knowledge and information provide the fundamental drivers of economic growth is beginning to permeate economic and management thinking.
    ----
    * barco a motor = motorboat.
    * calentar motores = prime + the pump.
    * carrera de coches improvisados sin motor = soapbox derby race, soapbox derby.
    * el motor de = the power behind.
    * industria del motor, la = motor industry, the, motor trade, the.
    * lancha a motor = motorboat.
    * lancha de motor = power boat.
    * lancha motora = speedboat, motorboat.
    * motor a chorro = jet engine.
    * motor a reacción = jet engine.
    * motor + calar = engine + stall.
    * motor de búsqueda = portal, search engine, crawler.
    * motor de combustión = combustion engine.
    * motor de combustión interna = internal combustion engine.
    * motor de explosión = combustion engine.
    * motor de explosión interna = internal combustion engine.
    * motor de gasolina = gasoline engine.
    * motor del cambio = driver of change.
    * motor de propulsión a chorro = jet engine.
    * motor diesel = diesel engine.
    * motor eléctrico = electric motor.
    * tráfico a motor = motor traffic.
    * vehículo de tierra a motor = motor land vehicle.
    * * *
    I
    - triz, motor - tora adjetivo motor (before n)
    II
    1) (Tec) engine

    funciona con or a motor — it is motor-driven

    2) ( impulsor) driving force
    * * *
    = prime mover, engine, driving force, driver.

    Ex: The implementation of successive programmes for supplying educational institutions with microcomputer equipment seems to be the principal prime mover of computerisation processes.

    Ex: These companies have been racing to define the information superhighway for themselves, and to stake a claim in what they view as the economic engine of the information age.
    Ex: On-line services have been one of the most powerful driving forces moving information away from its traditional definition and towards the commodity view.
    Ex: The realization that knowledge and information provide the fundamental drivers of economic growth is beginning to permeate economic and management thinking.
    * barco a motor = motorboat.
    * calentar motores = prime + the pump.
    * carrera de coches improvisados sin motor = soapbox derby race, soapbox derby.
    * el motor de = the power behind.
    * industria del motor, la = motor industry, the, motor trade, the.
    * lancha a motor = motorboat.
    * lancha de motor = power boat.
    * lancha motora = speedboat, motorboat.
    * motor a chorro = jet engine.
    * motor a reacción = jet engine.
    * motor + calar = engine + stall.
    * motor de búsqueda = portal, search engine, crawler.
    * motor de combustión = combustion engine.
    * motor de combustión interna = internal combustion engine.
    * motor de explosión = combustion engine.
    * motor de explosión interna = internal combustion engine.
    * motor de gasolina = gasoline engine.
    * motor del cambio = driver of change.
    * motor de propulsión a chorro = jet engine.
    * motor diesel = diesel engine.
    * motor eléctrico = electric motor.
    * tráfico a motor = motor traffic.
    * vehículo de tierra a motor = motor land vehicle.

    * * *
    motor ( before n)
    el desarrollo motor de un niño the development of a child's motor functions
    A ( Tec) engine
    calentar el motor ( Auto) to warm (up) the engine
    Compuestos:
    fuel-injected engine
    jet engine
    starter motor
    internal combustion engine
    ● motor de émbolo or de pistón
    piston engine
    internal combustion engine
    jet engine
    diesel engine
    electric motor
    radial engine
    outboard motor
    hydraulic engine
    B (impulsor) driving force
    el motor de la economía alemana the driving force o the engine of the German economy
    * * *

     

    motor 1
    ◊ - triz, motor -tora adjetivo

    motor ( before n)
    motor 2 sustantivo masculino
    1 (Tec) engine;

    2 ( impulsor) driving force
    motor, motriz adjetivo motor
    fuerza motriz, driving/ motive/propelling force
    motor sustantivo masculino
    1 (de combustible) engine
    (eléctrico) motor
    motor de arranque, starter (motor)
    motor de explosión, internal-combustion engine
    motor de reacción, jet engine ➣ Ver nota en engine 2 fig (propulsor, fuerza motriz) el motor de la Historia, the driving force of History
    ' motor' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ahogarse
    - amaraje
    - borda
    - DGT
    - echar
    - enloquecer
    - escudería
    - fallo
    - fiable
    - forzar
    - fueraborda
    - motricidad
    - motriz
    - reacción
    - reactor
    - salirse
    - salón
    - tiempo
    - vuelo
    - acelerar
    - adaptar
    - afinar
    - aflojar
    - agarrotar
    - ahogar
    - alimentación
    - alimentar
    - apagado
    - apagar
    - arrancar
    - atascar
    - automotor
    - automovilismo
    - automovilístico
    - calar
    - calentar
    - caminar
    - carburar
    - cargar
    - chingar
    - chorro
    - cilindro
    - culata
    - desarmar
    - detonación
    - económico
    - eléctrico
    - encender
    - enfriar
    - escobilla
    English:
    burn out
    - check
    - combustion engine
    - conk out
    - crank
    - cut out
    - die
    - diesel engine
    - engine
    - engine driver
    - fume
    - gliding
    - hang-gliding
    - horsepower
    - inboard
    - internal-combustion engine
    - misfire
    - motor
    - motor racing
    - motor-car
    - outboard
    - powered
    - race
    - response
    - rev
    - seize up
    - speed up
    - starter
    - take apart
    - whine
    - coast
    - combustion
    - formula
    - jet
    - launch
    - out
    - pack
    - power
    - run
    - scooter
    - steam
    * * *
    motor1, - ora o - triz adj
    1. Anat motor;
    habilidades motoras motor skills
    2. [que produce desarrollo]
    el sector motor de la economía the sector which is the driving force of the economy
    motor2 nm
    1. [máquina] engine, motor
    motor alternativo reciprocating engine;
    motor de arranque starter, starter motor;
    motor de cohete rocket engine;
    motor de combustión combustion engine;
    motor de combustión interna internal combustion engine;
    motor de cuatro tiempos four-stroke engine;
    motor diesel diesel engine;
    motor de dos tiempos two-stroke engine;
    motor eléctrico electric motor;
    motor de explosión internal combustion engine;
    motor (de) fueraborda outboard motor o engine;
    motor de inducción induction motor;
    motor de inyección fuel-injection engine;
    motor iónico ion engine;
    motor de reacción jet engine;
    motor rotativo rotary engine;
    motor de turbina turbine engine
    2. [fuerza] driving force;
    el motor de la economía the driving force in the economy;
    el motor del equipo [en deporte] the team dynamo
    3. [causa] instigator, cause
    4. Informát motor de búsqueda search engine
    * * *
    I adj ANAT motor
    II m engine; eléctrico motor
    * * *
    motor, -ra adj
    motriz: motor
    motor nm
    1) : motor, engine
    2) : driving force, cause
    * * *
    1. (de vehículo) engine
    2. (eléctrico) motor

    Spanish-English dictionary > motor

  • 18 πᾶς

    πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν gen. παντός, πάσης, παντός (dat. pl. πᾶσι and πᾶσιν vary considerably in the mss.; s. W-S. §5, 28; cp. Rob. 219–21; on the use of the art. s. B-D-F §275) (Hom. +).
    ① pert. to totality with focus on its individual components, each, every, any
    ⓐ adj., used w. a noun without the art.
    α. in the sing. emphasizing the individual members of the class denoted by the noun every, each, any, scarcely different in mng. fr. the pl. ‘all’: πᾶν δένδρον Mt 3:10; Lk 3:9. πᾶσα φυτεία Mt 15:13. πᾶσα φάραγξ, πᾶν ὄρος Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4). πᾶς τόπος 4:37. πᾶς ἄνθρωπος J 1:9; 2:10; Ro 3:4 (Ps 115:2); Gal 5:3; Col 1:28abd; Js 1:19. πᾶσα γυνή GJs 11:2. πᾶν ἔθνος Ac 17:26a. πᾶσα ψυχή (Pla., Phdr. 249e) 2:43; 3:23 (cp. Lev 23:29); Ro 2:9; Jd 15. πᾶσα ἡμέρα Ac 5:42; 17:17. πᾶν σάββατον 18:4. πᾶσα ἀρχὴ καὶ πᾶσα ἐξουσία 1 Cor 15:24 (cp. Just., D. 111, 2 οὗ τὸ ὄνομα πᾶσα ἀρχὴ δέδιεν). πᾶσα συνείδησις 2 Cor 4:2. πᾶς ἅγιος Phil 4:21. πᾶς οἶκος Hb 3:4 (GJs 7:3). πᾶσα ἀντιλογία 7:7. πᾶσα παιδεία all discipline 12:11. πᾶς ὀφθαλμός Rv 1:7a. πᾶν κτίσμα 5:13a.—Mt 23:35; Lk 2:23 (Ex 13:2); 4:13; 21:36; 2 Th 2:4 (Da 11:36). πᾶσα κτίσις every creature Col 1:15; ἐν πάσῃ κτίσει to every creature vs. 23. πᾶσα γραφή 2 Ti 3:16 (s. γραφή 2a).—πᾶσα σάρξ (כָּל־בָּשָׂר; used in the OT, also En 1:9; TestGad 7:2; GrBar 4:10; but not in EpArist, Philo, nor Joseph.) all flesh Lk 3:6 (Is 40:5); AcPlCor 2:6 and 16 (s. also 3b below). Mostly w. a neg. (so also En 14:21; 17:6) οὐ (or μή) … πᾶσα σάρξ no flesh = no one Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; Ro 3:20; 1 Cor 1:29; Gal 2:16 (cp. GrBar 8:7 οὐκ ἂν ἐσώθη πᾶσα πνοή). Other sim. neg. expressions are also Hebraistic (s. B-D-F §302, 1; Mlt-H. 433f) οὐ … πᾶν ῥῆμα not a thing, nothing Lk 1:37 (cp. PRyl 113, 12f [133 A.D.] μὴ … πᾶν πρᾶγμα). οὐδέποτε ἔφαγον πᾶν κοινόν I have never eaten anything common Ac 10:14. Cp. Rv 7:1, 16; 9:4; 21:27. Also in reverse order, πᾶς … οὐ or μή (Ex 12:16; Sir 8:19; 10:6, but s. also GLee, ET 63, ’51f, 156) 18:22; Eph 4:29; 5:5; 2 Pt 1:20; 1J 2:21; 3:15b.—Only rarely is a ptc. used w. πᾶς in this way: παντὸς ἀκούοντος when anyone hears Mt 13:19. παντὶ ὀφείλοντι Lk 11:4 (Mlt-Turner 196f).
    β. w. a noun in the pl., without the art. πάντες ἄνθρωποι all people/men, everyone (Lysias 12, 60; Andoc. 3, 25; X., Cyr. 7, 5, 52, Mem. 4, 4, 19; Demosth. 8, 5; 18, 72) Ac 22:15; Ro 5:12a, 18ab; 12:17, 18; 1 Cor 7:7; 15:19; 2 Cor 3:2; Phil 4:5; 1 Th 2:15; 1 Ti 2:4; 4:10; Tit 2:11. πάντες ἄγγελοι θεοῦ Hb 1:6 (Dt 32:43; cp. Demosth. 18, 294 πάντες θεοί).
    ⓑ adj. used with a noun or ptc. with the art.
    α. in the sing. Oft. πᾶς ὁ, πάσα ἡ, πᾶν τό is used w. a ptc. (B-D-F §413, 2 and 3) every one who, whoever πᾶς ὁ (Soph., Aj. 152; Demosth. 23, 97; Sir 22:2, 26; 1 Macc 1:52; 2:27) πᾶς ὁ ὀργιζόμενος Mt 5:22. Cp. vss. 28, 32; 7:8, 26 (=πᾶς ὅστις vs. 24; s. below); Lk 6:47; 11:10; 14:11; 16:18; 18:14; 19:26; J 3:8, 15f, 20; 4:13; 6:40; 8:34; 18:37; Ac 10:43b; 13:39; Ro 2:1, 10; 10:4, 11; 1 Cor 9:25; Gal 3:13; 2 Ti 2:19; Hb 5:13; 1J 2:23, 29 al.; 2J 9; Rv 22:18.—πᾶν τό everything that (1 Macc 10:41): πᾶν τὸ εἰσπορευόμενον Mt 15:17; Mk 7:18. πᾶν τὸ ὀφειλόμενον Mt 18:34. πᾶν τὸ πωλούμενον 1 Cor 10:25; cp. vs. 27. πᾶν τὸ φανερούμενον Eph 5:14. πᾶν τὸ γεγεννημένον 1J 5:4.—An equivalent of this expr. is πᾶς ὅς (or ὅστις), πᾶν ὅ every one who, whatever (s. above and s. B-D-F §293, 1; 413, 2; Rob. 727; 957), masc.: Mt 7:24; 10:32; 19:29; Lk 12:8, 10 (RHolst, ZNW 63, ’72, 122–24), 48; 14:33; Ac 2:21 (πᾶς ὸ̔ς ἐάν, s. Jo 2:32); Ro 10:13 (πᾶς ὸ̔ς ἄν, s. Jo 3:5); Gal 3:10. Neut. (Jdth 12:14.—Jos., Ant. 5, 211 πᾶν ὅ = πάντες οἱ): J 6:37, 39; 17:2b; Ro 14:23; Col 3:17 (πᾶν ὅ τι ἐάν).
    β. w. a noun in the pl., w. the art. all
    א. w. substantives: πᾶσαι αἱ γενεαί Mt 1:17; Lk 1:48; Eph 3:21; GJs 6:2 al. πάντας τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς Mt 2:4. Cp. vs. 16; 4:8; 11:13; Mk 4:13, 31f; 6:33; Lk 1:6; 2:51; 6:26; J 18:20; Ac 1:18; 3:18; 10:12, 43a; 14:16; Ro 1:5; 15:11 (Ps 116:1); 16:4; 1 Cor 12:26ab; 2 Cor 8:18; 11:28; Eph 4:10; 6:16b; Col 2:13; 1 Ti 6:10; Hb 4:4 (Gen 2:2 and 3); 9:21; Js 1:8; Rv 1:7b; 7:11; 15:4 al.—Used w. a demonstr. pron.: πᾶσαι αἱ παρθένοι ἐκεῖναι Mt 25:7. πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους 26:1. πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα Lk 1:65; 2:19.—Somet. following the noun: τὰς πόλεις πάσας Mt 9:35; Ac 8:40. οἱ μαθηταὶ πάντες the disciples, one and all Mt 26:56. αἱ θύραι πᾶσαι Ac 16:26a. Cp. Ro 16:16; 1 Cor 7:17; 13:2a; 15:7; 16:20; 1 Th 5:26; 2 Ti 4:21; Rv 8:3. οἱ Ἱεροσολυμῖται πάντες Mk 1:5.—On the position of ἐκεῖνος, ἕνεκα, πᾶς s. NTurner, VetusT 5, ’55, 208–13.
    ב. w. participles πάντες οἱ: πάντες οἱ κακῶς ἔχοντες Mt 4:24. πάντες οἱ κοπιῶντες 11:28; cp. 21:12; 26:52; Lk 1:66; 2:47; 13:17; Ac 1:19; 2:44; 4:16; 5:5, 11; 6:15; 9:14; 28:30; Ro 1:7; 4:11; 1 Cor 1:2; Eph 6:24; 1 Th 1:7; 2 Th 1:10; 2 Ti 3:12; 4:8; Hb 5:9; 13:24; 2J 1; Rv 13:8; 18:24. Following the ptc. οἱ κατοικοῦντες πάντες Ac 2:14. ἐν τοῖς ἡγιασμένοις πᾶσιν 20:32.—πάντα τά: πάντα τὰ γενόμενα Mt 18:31. πάντα τὰ ὑπάρχοντα 24:47; Lk 12:44; 1 Cor 13:3. Cp. Lk 17:10; 18:31; 21:36; J 18:4; Ac 10:33b. Used w. a demonstr. pron.: περὶ πάντων τῶν συμβεβηκότων τούτων Lk 24:14. Following: τὰ γινόμενα πάντα 9:7.
    ג. w. prepositional expressions, w. which ὄντες (ὄντα) is to be supplied (TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 24 [Stone p. 10] πάντα τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010] πάντες σου οἱ ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις): πάντες οἱ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ Mt 5:15; Ac 16:32. πάντες οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ Lk 5:9. πάντες οἱ ἐν τοῖς μνημείοις J 5:28. πάντες οἱ εἰς μακράν Ac 2:39. Cp. 5:17. πάντες οἱ ἐξ Ἰσραήλ Ro 9:6. Cp. 2 Ti 1:15; 1 Pt 5:14. πάντα τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς Ac 4:24; 14:15 (Ex 20:11); cp. 17:24. Following: οἱ μετʼ ἐμοῦ πάντες Tit 3:15a (πάντες οἱ μετʼ αὐτοῦ JosAs 27:7).
    ⓒ π. used w. pronouns
    α. w. personal pronouns: πάντες ἡμεῖς we all Ac 2:32; 10:33a; 26:14; 28:2; Ro 4:16b. πάντες ὑμεῖς Mt 23:8; 26:31; Lk 9:48; Ac 4:10a; 22:3; Ro 1:8; 15:33; 2 Cor 7:15; Gal 3:28; Phil 1:4, 7ab, 8; 1 Th 1:2; 2 Th 3:16c, 18; Tit 3:15b; Hb 13:25. πάντες αὐτοί Ac 4:33; 19:17b; 20:36. Following the pron.: ἡμεῖς πάντες J 1:16; Ro 8:32a; 2 Cor 3:18; Eph 2:3. ὑμεῖς πάντες Ac 20:25. αὐτοὶ πάντες Mt 12:15; 1 Cor 15:10. W. art. οἱ πάντες ἡμεῖς 2 Cor 5:10.
    β. w. a demonstr. pron.: πάντες οὗτοι these all, all these Ac 2:7 v.l. Mostly following the pron.: οὗτοι πάντες 1:14; 17:7; Hb 11:13, 39. πάντα ταῦτα Mt 6:32; 24:8; Lk 7:18; Ac 24:8; 1 Cor 12:11; Col 3:14; 1 Th 4:6; Hm 5, 2, 5 cj. Joly. ταῦτα πάντα Mt 4:9; 6:33; 13:34, 51; Lk 12:30; Ac 7:50; Ro 8:37; 2 Pt 3:11.
    γ. πάντες ὅσοι, πάντα ὅσα all who, everything that, masc.: Lk 4:40 v.l. (for ἅπαντες); J 10:8. Neut. (TestAbr A 9 p. 86, 17 [Stone p. 20]; TestJob 4:2; GrBar 7:2; Philo, Aet. M. 15; 28; Jos., Ant. 8, 242; Just., A I, 44, 9) Mt 7:12; 13:46; 18:25; 21:22; Mk 11:24; 12:44b; Lk 18:12, 22; J 10:41. πάντες, ὸ̔ς ἄν Hs 7:7.
    ⓓ subst.
    α. πάντες, πᾶσαι all, everyone (even when only two are involved = both: Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 27 §105 [Caesar and Pompey]) Mt 10:22; 14:20; 15:37; 21:26; 26:27; Mk 1:37; 5:20; Lk 1:63 and oft. πάντες ἥμαρτον Ro 5:12 (on the sinfulness of πάντες cp. the saying of Bias s.v. πολύς 1aβא; FDanker, Ro 5:12, Sin under Law, NTS 14, ’68, 430, n. 1).—οὐ πάντες not everyone Mt 19:11. Cp. J 13:10; Ro 10:16.—πάντων as partitive and comparative gen. ὕστερον πάντων last of all Mt 22:27; cp. Mk 12:22, 43. Even in ref. to a fem. (Thu. 4, 52, 3; Aristoph., Av. 472) ἐντολὴ πρώτη πάντων Mk 12:28 (but s. B-D-F §164, 1).
    β. πάντα all things, everything. Abs. (Chrysippus in Stob., Ecl. 1, 1, 26 p. 31 W.; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 6; M. Ant. 4, 23; Ael. Aristid. 43, 9 K.=1 p. 3 D.: ἀρχὴ ἁπάντων Ζεύς τε καὶ ἐκ Διὸς πάντα; Herm. Wr. 5, 10; Hymn to Selene in PGM 4, 2838f ἐκ σέο γὰρ πάντʼ ἐστὶ καὶ εἰς σʼ, αἰώνιε, πάντα τελευτᾷ [s. 4dβ]; PGM 5, 139; PKöln VI, 245, 16 of Athena [s. ed.’s comments]) Mt 11:27 = Lk 10:22 (s. the lit. on this pass. s.v. υἱός 2dβ. The word πάντα here is variously understood of authority and power [so ASchlatter (Mt), FBüchsel (TW II 173) et al.] or of knowledge and teaching: ENorden [Agn. Th. 288], TZahn [Mt], Grundmann [Lk] et al.; also JFitzmyer: “the knowledge of the mutual relation of himself and God” [AB Comm. Luke II 874]. IMarshall [Lk] follows BReicke [TW V 993 n. 289] and opts for both power and knowledge); J 1:3; 3:35; 21:17; 1 Cor 2:10; 15:27a (Ps 8:7), b, 28cd (πάντα ἐν πᾶσιν w. a somewhat different coloring: Dio Chrys. 54 [71], 1); Eph 1:22a (Ps 8:7); Rv 21:5. Here we may class ὁ ὢν ἐπὶ πάντων θεός (cp. Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 10; 13, 12, 4 ἐπὶ πάντων εἶναι τ. θεόν; Porphyr., Vi. Plot. 23 τῷ ἐπὶ πᾶσι θεῷ) God, who rules over all Ro 9:5 (θεός 2). ὁ πάντων δεσπότης GJs 20:3 (codd.); cp. 11:2.—Of a ‘whole’ that is implied fr. the context: πάντα ἀποδώσω σοι Mt 18:26. Cp. 22:4; Mk 4:34; Lk 1:3; Ro 8:28 (s. Black s.v. συνεργέω); 2 Cor 6:10; Gal 4:1; Phil 2:14; 1 Th 5:21; 2 Ti 2:10; Tit 1:15; 1J 2:27; GJs 18:3 codd. πάντα ὑμῶν ἐστιν everything is yours, belongs to you 1 Cor 3:21, cp. 22 (Plut., Cic. 873 [25, 4] πάντα τοῦ σοφοῦ εἶναι; Diog. L. 6, 72). πάντα ὑμῶν everything you do 16:14. πρῶτον πάντων 1 Ti 2:1. πάντα four times as anaphora (rhetorical repetition) 1 Cor 13:7 (cp. Libanius, Or. 3 p. 275, 4 πάντα φθεγγόμενοι, πάντα ἐργαζόμενοι, πάντα χαριζόμενοι).—The acc. of specification stands almost in the sense of an adv. (B-D-F §154; Rob. 487) πάντα in all respects, in every way, altogether (Hom. et al.; Aelian, VH 12, 25; Jos., Ant. 9, 166; SibOr 3, 205; Ath. 35, 2) Ac 20:35 (perh. always, as Ps.-Lucian, Asin. 22 p. 590); 1 Cor 9:25b. πάντα πᾶσιν ἀρέσκω (s. ἀρέσκω 2a) 10:33; 11:2. Cp. KGrobel, JBL 66, ’47, 366 and s. τὰ πάντα in 4dβ below.—W. a prep.: εἰς πάντα in all respects, in every way (Pla., Charm. 6, 158a, Leg. 5, 738a; Appian, Iber. 17 §64, Bell. Civ. 4, 92 §385; BGU 798, 7) 2 Cor 2:9. ἐν πᾶσιν in all respects, in every way (PGiss 69, 8; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 112 §467 [here ἐν ἅπασιν=in all respects]; Just., D. 80, 1 ἀσφαλὴς ἐν πᾶσι); 1 Ti 3:11; 2 Ti 2:7; 4:5; Tit 2:9, 10b; Hb 13:4, 18; 1 Pt 4:11. Perh. also Eph 1:23b. ἐν πᾶσι τούτοις in (or besides) all this (Sir 48:15; Job 2:10; 12:9; cp. Plut., Mor. 98f) Lk 16:26. κατὰ πάντα, s. κατά B 6. περὶ πάντων in every way (Mitt-Wilck I/2, 6, 9; SibOr 1, 198) 3J 2. πρὸ πάντων above all, especially (PRein 18, 27 [II B.C.]; BGU 811, 3; PAmh 135, 2; Just., D. 7, 3) Js 5:12; 1 Pt 4:8.
    ② any entity out of a totality, any and every, every
    ⓐ as adj. w. a noun in the sing. without the article every, any and every, just any, any at all μὴ παντὶ πνεύματι πιστεύετε do not believe just any spirit 1J 4:1. περιφερόμενοι παντὶ ἀνέμῳ τῆς διδασκαλίας Eph 4:14. περὶ παντὸς πράγματος about anything Mt 18:19. κατὰ πᾶσαν αἰτίαν for any reason at all 19:3. Cp. 4:4=Lk 4:4 v.l. (Dt 8:3); Mt 12:31; 2 Cor 1:4b (on ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ θλίψει ἡμῶν vs. 4a see 3b below).
    ⓑ as subst. without the art.
    α. πᾶς everyone without exception Lk 16:16.
    β. πᾶν, w. prep.: διὰ παντός s. διά A 2a. ἐν παντί in every respect or way, in everything (Pla., Symp. 194a; X., Hell. 5, 4, 29; SIG 1169, 27; Sir 18:27; 4 Macc 8:3; GrBar 9:8) πλουτίζεσθαι 1 Cor 1:5; 2 Cor 9:11. Cp. 2 Cor 4:8; 7:5, 11, 16; 8:7; 9:8b; 11:6a, 9; Eph 5:24; Phil 4:6; 1 Th 5:18.
    ③ marker of the highest degree of someth., all
    ⓐ as adj. w. a noun in the sing. without the art. full, greatest, all (Pla., Rep. 9, 575a; Demosth. 18, 279 al.; ins, freq. in accolades; pap.: New Docs 8 p. 62, 10 μετὰ πάσης πίστεως καὶ ἐπιμελείας ‘with all fidelity and care’; LXX; Tat. 39, 1 μετὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας) μετὰ παρρησίας πάσης Ac 4:29. ἐν πάσῃ ἀσφαλείᾳ 5:23. πάσῃ συνειδήσει ἀγαθῇ in all good conscience 23:1. Cp. 17:11; 24:3; 2 Cor 9:8b; 12:12; Eph 4:2. ἐν πάσῃ προσκαρτερήσει with the greatest perseverance 6:18c. Cp. Phil 1:20; 2:29; Col 1:11ab; 1 Ti 2:2b, 11; 3:4; 4:9; 5:2; Tit 2:15; Js 1:2; 2 Pt 1:5; Jd 3 al. ὑπομένειν πᾶσαν ὑπομονήν practice patient endurance to the limit Pol 9:1.
    ⓑ in related vein as adj. with noun in the sing. w. the art. all ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ θλίψει ἡμῶν in all our trouble 2 Cor 1:4a (on ἐν πάσῃ θλίψει vs. 4b s. 2a above); 7:4; 1 Th 3:7. ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ μνείᾳ ὑμῶν in all remembrance of you Phil 1:3. πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν all your care 1 Pt 5:7. τὸν πάντα χρόνον AcPlCor 2:4; τὴν πᾶσαν σάρκα 2:11 (cp. 1aα).
    ④ pert. to a high degree of completeness or wholeness, whole
    ⓐ as adj. w. a noun in the sing., without the art. all, the whole before proper names, mostly geographic (X., Hell. 4, 8, 28 προστάται πάσης Λέσβου ἔσονται al.; LXX) πᾶσα Ἱεροσόλυμα Mt 2:3 (s. Ἱερ.). πᾶς Ἰσραήλ (3 Km 8:65; 11:16; 1 Esdr 1:19; 5:45, 58; Jdth 15:14) Ro 11:26 (s. W-S. §20, 11a and b; Rob. 772). The OT is also the source of πᾶς οἶκος Ἰσραήλ (1 Km 7:2, 3) Ac 2:36 and, in subject matter, ἐπὶ παντὸς προσώπου τῆς γῆς 17:26b (but Gen 2:6 has πᾶν τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γῆς, and 7:23; 11:4, 8, 9 ἐπὶ προσώπου [or πρόσωπον] πάσης τῆς γῆς).—Perh. πᾶσα οἰκοδομή Eph 2:21 (s. W-S. §20:11 b; Rob. 772; Mlt-Turner 199f; MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.; M. Ant. 6, 36, 1; OGI 383, 86ff).
    ⓑ w. a noun in the sing., w. the art. the whole, all (the). Preceding the noun that has the art.: πᾶσα ἡ Ἰουδαία καὶ πᾶσα ἡ περίχωρος Mt 3:5. πᾶσα ἡ ἀγέλη the whole herd 8:32. Cp. vs. 34; 13:2; 21:10; 27:25, 45; Mk 2:13; 4:1. πᾶσα ἡ ἀλήθεια 5:33. πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις the whole creation (TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 7 [Stone p. 32]) Mk 16:15; Ro 8:22. Cp. Lk 1:10; 2:1, 10; Ac 3:9, 11; 5:21; 15:12. πᾶς ὁ κόσμος Ro 3:19b; Col 1:6. πᾶν τὸ σπέρμα Ro 4:16. πᾶσα ἡ γῆ 9:17 (Ex 9:16); Lk 4:25. πᾶσα ἡ γνῶσις, πᾶσα ἡ πίστις 1 Cor 13:2bc. πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα Eph 3:19; Col 1:19; 2:9. πᾶν τὸ σῶμα Eph 4:16; Col 2:19. Cp. Hb 9:19bc. W. a demonstrative pron. πᾶς ὁ λαὸς οὗτος all these people Lk 9:13. πᾶσα ἡ ὀφειλὴ ἐκείνη Mt 18:32.—Following the noun that has the article: τὴν κρίσιν πᾶσαν the whole matter of judgment J 5:22. εἰς τὴν ἀλήθειαν πᾶσαν into truth in all its outreach 16:13. τὴν ἐξουσίαν … πᾶσαν Rv 13:12.
    ⓒ πᾶς and πάντες stand attributively betw. art. and noun, when the noun is regarded as a whole, in contrast to its individual parts (cp. Kühner-G. I 632f).
    α. sing. (Thu. 2, 7, 2 ὁ πᾶς ἀριθμόσ=‘the whole number’; 8, 93, 2 τὸ πᾶν πλῆθος; X., Mem. 1, 2, 8 εἰς τὸν πάντα βίον; Pla., Gorg. 470e ἡ πᾶσα εὐδαιμονία; 2 Macc 2:17; 3 Macc 1:29; 6:14; 4 Macc 3:8) ὁ πᾶς νόμος the whole law Gal 5:14. τὸν πάντα χρόνον Ac 20:18.
    β. pl. (X., An. 5, 6, 7 οἱ πάντες ἄνθρωποι; Pla., Theaet. 204a τὰ πάντα μέρη) αἱ πᾶσαι ψυχαί all the souls Ac 27:37. οἱ κατὰ τὰ ἔθνη πάντες Ἰουδαῖοι 21:21. οἱ σὺν αὐτοῖς πάντες ἅγιοι Ro 16:15. οἱ σὺν ἐμοὶ πάντες ἀδελφοί Gal 1:2.—W. numerals (Hdt. 7, 4; Thu. 1, 60, l) οἱ πάντες ἄνδρες ὡσεὶ δώδεκα the whole number of the men was about twelve Ac 19:7.—JBover, Uso del adjetivo singular πᾶς en San Pablo: Biblica 19, ’38, 411–34.
    ⓓ as subst.
    α. οἱ πάντες all (of them) (in contrast to a part) Ro 11:32ab; 1 Cor 9:22 (s. HChadwick, NTS 1, ’55, 261–75); Phil 2:21. (We, they) all Mk 14:64; 1 Cor 10:17; 2 Cor 5:14b. μέχρι καταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες until we all attain Eph 4:13.
    β. τὰ πάντα. In the abs. sense of the whole of creation all things, the universe (Pla., Ep. 6, 323d τῶν πάντων θεός; hymn to Selene in EAbel, Orphica [1885] 294, 36 εἰς σὲ τὰ πάντα τελευτᾶ [s. 1dβ beg.]; Herm. Wr. 13, 17 τ. κτίσαντα τὰ πάντα; JosAs 8:2 ζωοποιήσας τὰ πάντα; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 208, Rer. Div. Her. 36, Somn. 1, 241; Just., A I, 67, 2 τὸν ποιητὴν τῶν πάντων; PGM 1, 212 κύριε τῶν πάντων; 4, 3077) Ro 11:36 (Musaeus: Vorsokr. 2 A 4 [in Diog. L. 1, 3] ἐξ ἑνὸς τὰ πάντα γίνεσθαι καὶ εἰς ταὐτὸν ἀναλύεσθαι. Cp. Norden, Agn. Th. 240–50); 1 Cor 8:6ab; 15:28ab; Eph 3:9; 4:10b; Phil 3:21; Col 1:16ab, 17b (HHegermann, D. Vorstellung vom Schöpfungsmittler etc., TU 82, ’61, 88ff); Hb 1:3; 2:10ab; Rv 4:11; 1 Cl 34:2; PtK 2 (four times).—In the relative sense, indicated by the context, everything (Κυπρ. I p. 42 no. 29 τὰς στοὰς καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐταῖς πάντα; PGiss 2, 14 [II B.C.] in a bill: τὰ π.=everything taken together) ἐν παραβολαῖς τὰ πάντα γίνεται everything (=all the instruction) is in parables Mk 4:11. Cp. Ac 17:25b; Ro 8:32b. Of everything in heaven and earth that is in need of uniting and redeeming Eph 1:10 (EWalter, Christus u. d. Kosmos [Eph 1:10] ’48); Col 1:20. τὰ πάντα they all (of the members of the body) 1 Cor 12:19. The neut. is also used of persons: Gal 3:22; cp. 1 Ti 6:13 (here including humankind and everything else that possesses life).—As acc. of specification, almost like an adv.: τὰ πάντα in all respects (Appian, Prooem. 6 §23) Eph 4:15 (s. 1dβ).—As a summation of what precedes all this (PCairZen 741, 16; 742, 22; BGU 1509 [all III B.C.]) 2 Cor 4:15; Phil 3:8b; Col 3:8.—Furthermore, πάντες can also have the limited sense nearly all (Xenophon Eph. 2, 13, 4 πάντας ἀπέκτεινεν, ὀλίγους δὲ καὶ ζῶντας ἔλαβε. μόνος δὲ ὁ Ἱππόθοος ἠδυνήθη διαφυγεῖν).—Mlt-Turner 199–201.
    ⑤ everything belonging, in kind, to the class designated by the noun, every kind of, all sorts of, adj. for the words παντοδαπός and παντοῖος, which are lacking in our lit.: πᾶσα νόσος καὶ πᾶσα μαλακία Mt 4:23. γέμουσιν πάσης ἀκαθαρσίας they are full of all kinds of uncleanness 23:27 (Ar. 15, 6). πᾶσα ἐξουσία 28:18. ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔθνους from every kind of nation Ac 2:5. Cp. 7:22; 13:10ab; Ro 1:18, 29. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία (evil) desire of every kind 7:8. ἐν παντὶ λόγῳ καὶ πάσῃ γνώσει 1 Cor 1:5b. πᾶν ἁμάρτημα every kind of sin 6:18. Cp. 2 Cor 7:1; 9:8bc; 10:5ab; Eph 1:3, 8, 21a; 4:19; 5:3; Phil 1:9; 2 Th 2:17. πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθόν Tit 1:16; 3:1. Cp. 2:14; Hb 13:21. πᾶσα δόσις, πᾶν δώρημα Js 1:17 (W-S. §20, 11b). Cp. vs. 21; 1 Pt 2:1ab; Rv 8:7 al.—B. 919. Schmidt, Syn. IV, 540–54, s. ἕκαστος and ὅλος. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > πᾶς

  • 19 esfera

    f.
    1 sphere (figura).
    esfera celeste celestial sphere
    esfera terrestre (terrestrial) globe
    2 face.
    3 circle.
    las altas esferas de la política high political circles
    4 realm, field.
    * * *
    1 sphere, globe
    2 (de reloj) dial, face
    3 figurado (campo) field, sphere; (ambiente) sphere, circle
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) dial
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Geog, Mat) sphere
    2) (Téc) [de reloj] face

    esfera impresora — (Tip) golf ball

    3) (=campo) sphere, field

    esfera de acción — scope, range

    * * *
    1) (Astron, Mat) sphere
    2) ( de reloj) face
    3) ( ámbito) sphere
    * * *
    = province, purview, sphere, territory, dial.
    Ex. The bibliographical control of such items is the province of in-house indexing.
    Ex. This article discusses the fact that no library is able to acquire all published material within its subject purview.
    Ex. I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.
    Ex. The report suggests that structural changes within higher education and within the information industry affect the legitimacy, status, and territory of librarians' work.
    Ex. Electricity meters usually have four or five main dials.
    ----
    * altas esferas del poder, las = echelons of power, the.
    * altas esferas, las = corridors of power, the.
    * esfera celeste = celestial sphere.
    * esfera de influencia = sphere of influence.
    * esfera de la información, la = infosphere, the.
    * esfera del reloj = clock face.
    * esfera pública, la = public sphere, the.
    * ser como una esfera = wrap around.
    * * *
    1) (Astron, Mat) sphere
    2) ( de reloj) face
    3) ( ámbito) sphere
    * * *
    = province, purview, sphere, territory, dial.

    Ex: The bibliographical control of such items is the province of in-house indexing.

    Ex: This article discusses the fact that no library is able to acquire all published material within its subject purview.
    Ex: I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.
    Ex: The report suggests that structural changes within higher education and within the information industry affect the legitimacy, status, and territory of librarians' work.
    Ex: Electricity meters usually have four or five main dials.
    * altas esferas del poder, las = echelons of power, the.
    * altas esferas, las = corridors of power, the.
    * esfera celeste = celestial sphere.
    * esfera de influencia = sphere of influence.
    * esfera de la información, la = infosphere, the.
    * esfera del reloj = clock face.
    * esfera pública, la = public sphere, the.
    * ser como una esfera = wrap around.

    * * *
    A ( Astron, Mat) sphere
    Compuestos:
    celestial globe
    celestial sphere
    globe
    C (ámbito) sphere
    en las altas esferas de la política in the highest political circles
    esfera de acción sphere of action
    esfera de influencia sphere of influence
    en la esfera económica in the economic sphere
    * * *

    esfera sustantivo femenino
    a) (Astron, Mat) sphere




    esfera sustantivo femenino
    1 sphere: hay tensiones en la esfera política, there are some tensions in the political sphere
    2 (de un aparato) dial
    (de un reloj) face
    ' esfera' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desorbitar
    - globo
    - terreno
    English:
    dial
    - face
    - field
    - globe
    - province
    - realm
    - sphere
    - domain
    * * *
    esfera nf
    1. [figura] sphere
    esfera armilar armillary sphere;
    esfera celeste celestial sphere;
    esfera terrestre (terrestrial) globe
    2. [de reloj] face
    3. [círculo social] circle;
    las altas esferas de la política high political circles;
    es muy conocido en la esfera teatral he is very well-known in theatrical circles
    esfera de influencia sphere of influence
    * * *
    f sphere;
    esfera de actividad fig field o
    sphere (of activity);
    las altas esferas fig: de la sociedad the upper echelons
    * * *
    esfera nf
    1) : sphere
    2) : face, dial (of a watch)
    * * *
    1. (en general) sphere
    2. (de reloj) face

    Spanish-English dictionary > esfera

  • 20 _навчання; вченість

    colleges hate geniuses, just as convents hate saints curiosity killed the cat don't teach your grandmother to suck eggs doubt grows up with knowledge education makes the man every good scholar is not a good schoolmaster example is better than precept example teaches more than precept a handful of common sense is worth a bushel of learning he that knows nothing, doubts nothing he knows most who speaks least he who is ignorant of foreign languages knows not his own he who never learns anything never forgets anything increase your knowledge and you increase your griefs in spite of colleges and schools, the world remains a ship of fools it is never too late to learn it is a task to learn, but it is much harder to unlearn a learned man is twice born knowledge and wisdom are far from being one knowledge is knowing that we cannot know knowledge is power learn from the mistakes of others a learned blockhead is a greater blockhead than an ignorant one a learned man can be appreciated only by another learned man learning is better than house and land learning is the eye of the mind learning makes a good man better and a bad man worse a little learning is a dangerous thing live and learn men learn while they teach money spent on the brain is never spent in vain mother wit is better than book education nature passes nurture no man is born wise or learned old foxes want no tutors soon learnt soon forgotten there is no royal road to learning they that think they know everything, know nothing too much knowledge makes the head bald wear your learning like your watch, in a private pocket what is learned in the cradle lasts to the grave wit once bought is worth twice taught years know more than books we can learn only from our betters you can lead a boy to college, but you can't make him think

    English-Ukrainian dictionary of proverbs > _навчання; вченість

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См. также в других словарях:

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